Friday, November 15, 2019
Training And Development At Emirates Airlines Management Essay
Training And Development At Emirates Airlines Management Essay People are the heart and soul of any organization, therefore recruiting, training, as well as retaining high caliber of staff is one of the core values of any organization. As a result of the recognition of the importance of self-development and the increased knowledge and skills, the human resource department of Emirates Airlines has ventured into operating a high caliber of training programs (Graham, 2010). These programs are made accessible to all staff across the entire group. Training can be facilitated through a variety of methods. Some of the methods used in the facilitation of these programs include classroom based programs, e-learning, practical assessment, simulation, project bases trainings or a blend of either or more of these programs. For instance, Emirates Airlines has a network of learning resource centers within its headquarters in Dubai making it possible to have a learning environment for individual or group based training (Graham, 2010). In addition, Emirates learning portal is My Learning Zone. This is aimed at providing a one stop location for accessing, training and development information. It also provides online training for all her employees. The development of staff through training is basically motivated by the annual professional development courses in key areas or departments that need training and development (Graham, 2010). Training can also be carried out through seminars and conferences. This is aimed at keeping skills updated and to help employees remain abreast of the industry development. While most organization invests in training of their employees with an aim of building their moral, and motivates them, Emirates Airlines offers her employees an opportunity to develop their skills. The aim of this is to develop their confidence and improve their independence when they leave the organization (Graham, 2010). For instance, Emirates Airlines have developed an ICDL programme for their air cabin crew in order to empower them with the essential skills and widen their scope and competence in their specific job prospects. Introduction of Emirate Airline Emirate Airlines was founded in the year 1985 with the support of the Sheikh of the United Arab Emirates. The Dubai government in agreement with the Pakistan International Airlines helped in the formation of the airline (Graham, 2010). The initial destinations included Bombay, Delhi in India and Karachi. Currently, Emirates offers a number of scheduled, international, regional and domestic destinations. This ranges to a total of about 75 destinations in over 53 countries. Emirates Airline is part of the Emirates group. The group consists of various entities such as the airlines division, aircraft maintenance division as well as the cargo division. Other divisions include the hospitality division, an aviation college as well as transguard division. The aviation college was instituted to offer training and development of staff and partner organizations in the group (Graham, 2010). In addition, Emirates Airlines in one of the few airlines that hardly felt the harsh economic and aviation downtime in the past few years. This is as a result of the great marketing trends aimed at promoting Dubai as a world class tourism destination with tax-free shopping. In addition, Emirates Airlines also strives in promoting its hub in Dubai (Graham, 2010). This is because Dubai is believed to be the best geographically positioned city in connecting Asia and Europe. Since Dubai is known for its trade, Emirates Airlines operates large cargo aircrafts because of the large tourists number. This explains why Emirates Airlines is in a position to accommodate expanding international and regional market cargo demands. The main goal of Emirates Airlines is to keep expanding and this is the very reason why their market keeps expanding. Emirates Airlines was ranked the largest airlines carrier in the Middle East and among the ten largest in the world. This research was based on the international passenger traffic. Emirates Airlines is a fast growing international airline in possession of some of the youngest fleets of aircrafts and closely above 400 awards of excellence internationally (Graham, 2010). Emirates Organizational Chart Cargo Vice Chairman CEO CHAIRMAN Sales Emirates Airline Engineering Operations Service Dnata Facilities HR Dnata Service Departments HR chart of Emirates Airline Questionnaire on Training and Development in Emirates Airlines Qn. 1. Is there need for Proper Human Resource Management in Training and Development? The human resources department of Emirates Airlines takes the responsibility of ensuring employees satisfaction and efficiency at work. At Emirates, this department ensures that it helps the employees and organization at large to meet its objectives as well as strategic goals through proper management of her employees and their maintenance. For training and development to be achieved successfully, Emirates Airlines through its human resources department ensures that both political and legal factors are favorable for employee development (Graham, 2010). In this case, Emirates enjoys a competitive advantage since it is government owned. In addition, the government support economically makes the airline competitively effect training and development of her employees. Depending on the economic condition of the state, the human resources department can effectively decide on how to invest in training and development of the employees (Graham, 2010). In addition, the responsibility of the hum an resources department is to ensure that the socio-cultural factors surrounding the organization are conducive for training and development. Qn. 2. What is Emirates Airlines position in Training and Orientation? Emirates cabin crews are among the best in the world. According to the Emirates yearly report, the cabin crews are recruited all over the world and trained on one particular platform. Since the cabin crews are in constant interaction with the companys clients, the organization spends over six percent of its annual revenue in training and development of these staff. Emirates position is that better services can only be achieved through competitive skills. This is in line with their philosophy of continuous customer satisfaction (Graham, 2010). This is also as opposed to other airlines that spend three to four percent of their revenues in training and development. Emirates Airlines considers employee training and development as a very critical process for the organization. In addition, training is important because it puts emphasis on the skills an employee attains in improving the services offered in their immediate job. Furthermore, Emirates Airlines position on training is that the end result are big payoffs for the employees who are guaranteed improved productivity and competence should the employees get the right training at the right time. At Emirates, there is a systematic approach to training that is specifically built for employees (Graham, 2010). The training activities are further broken down to ensure that the needs of each employee are met. The most economical approach is chosen and the organization ensures that it is one that allows employees to also share their opinions and exchange their ideas with one another thus enhances individual knowledge. Qn. 3. How does Emirates Airlines undertake Career Planning Development? Initially, most people in employment would not have any reason to shift jobs or careers. Currently, times have changed and careers have become boundary less. These are careers that are not bound to any specific organization and expand through project based competency within a specific industry. As a result of this, Emirates Airlines have ensured they modernize the socio-cultural environment for its employees and increase the competitive forces revolving around their careers. In addition, Emirates embarks in restructuring the organization in order to ensure that employees careers are properly developed. For instance, at Emirates Airlines, candidates with previous knowledge in customer care service are highly appreciated (Graham, 2010). This implies that an employee working in a customer care organization is very relevant in Emirates Airlines. This is a way through which Emirates ensures that career planning and development is effectively carried out (Graham, 2010). Emirates Airlines uses HR planning and career planning in ensuring that the right candidates are selected and maintained. This simply implies taking the right person for the right job within the organization. According to information from Emirates database, this process entails staff retention, training and analysis of the staffs skills. Particularly, emirates need employees that are extroverts (Graham, 2010). The reason for this is to have employees that are ready to face new challenges. In order to undertake proper career development, employees here are trained to work in groups with colleagues from different cultural backgrounds. The human resources department accounts for this in order to effectively plan the process of fitting the right employees to the job in the entire organization. Again, Emirates Airlines ensures that her employees are served with their rights and remain responsible with these rights. With continued career development and training, the HR department gives employees the responsibility of ensuring that they remain up to date with relevant skills. For instance, Emirates ensures that all its employees posses at least a high school degree, and that all crew members are properly groomed at all times (Graham, 2010). Career plateauing is a critical stage in an employees career life and it is achieved when the chances for development are at minimal. Qn. 4. What are the Career Development Opportunities within Emirates Airlines? Within Emirates Airlines, internal applications are considered first before the external ones for any vacant position. These vacancies are first advertised internally before they are advertised externally. This is a method used by Emirates Airlines in ensuring competence and professionalism in the entire organization. As a result, employees get the opportunity to develop their careers internally. Again, there are specific conditions that any applicant must meet for him or her to qualify for the job (Graham, 2010). These conditions make the employee develop high levels of competence, improved skills and efficiency. They include an employee finishing at least a year in the current position or department. The reason for this is because the employee can be appraised from his current performance. In addition, the employee must meet all the minimum qualifications for the job and win the line managers approval for the job. Qn. 5 How does training help in developing people and Capabilities at Emirates Airlines Emirates Airlines is committed to facing challenges that most organizations may want to avoid. For instance, the challenge of developing greater confidence, initiative, solution finding as well as problem solving initiatives among her employees are some of the challenges Emirates has committed to. Emirates therefore commits to ensuring that its staff are at all times self-sufficient, resourceful and at the same time creative and autonomous (Graham, 2010). This initiative in turn helps employees engage in high level of productivity and competence. In addition, Emirates Airlines commits to development of employees by empowering their conventional skills (Graham, 2010). This program ensures employees are equipped with adequate techniques and methods. Furthermore, the human resources department ensures that staff maturity, belief and courage are also developed. As a result, this program ensures that managerial and strategic capabilities are also developed. Again, training and development ensures that the focus is in the individual and not the skill. Qn. 6. How does Emirates Airlines design self-study training and learning programmes? Emirates Airlines applies the same principles in application of self-study programs just like other methods of training. The internet has been used by the HR of Emirates Airlines to enable self-study learning and development programs to be more useful, empowering and cost effective than it was before (Graham, 2010). For this program to be successful, the HR department expects all employees to be creative and innovative. They encourage employees to engage the web for ideas and self study as well as self development resources. They also get information regarding group management and technology advancement. Qn. 7. How is mentoring linked to projects and objectives activities in this organization? One of the most productive and effective modern methods of training and development in various organizations, particularly for staff or departments and teams is linking mentoring and projects. This approach builds on management by objectives principles which are more participative, voluntary and inclusive (Graham, 2010). Mentoring is a facilitative approach that broadly features on strategic assessment of the organization and individual department priorities combined with high yield training needs. In addition, mentoring ensures that targeted staffs have interpreted discussion with line-managers of training delegates as well as strategic managers of the organization (Graham, 2010). Again, mentoring brings to picture pre-training skills/behavioral needs-analysis-all training delegates. Qn. 8. What are some of the Mentoring Principles and Techniques? The main role of mentors in training and development is to help mentees find the right answers for themselves. The principle for mentorship is said to be effective when the mentor helps mentees gain the experience of learning. The principle implies that the mentor focuses on mentoring efforts and expectations on helping and guiding the mentored to develop solutions and find answers for themselves. Most of the principles of mentoring are common to those of proper coaching, which are specifically prominent within line training. Qn. 9. What are some of the achievements resulting from training and development? Employers and managers have the responsibility of ensuring that training and development of staff is successful. Receiving recognition is a powerful tool in stimulating employees for further training and self development. The management therefore commits to recognizing employees achievements in helping to motivate them and have them implement the acquired skills. Qn. 10.What are some general training tips The tips must always apply to the traditional work related training. The tips never apply automatically to other forms of personal development and facilitation of learning process. Some of the tips to be considered in planning for training include assessing the objective of training and have them always in mind (Graham, 2010). In addition, the number of people to be trained is a factor to consider as well as the methods and format to be used in training. The length of the training and its venue is also a factor to be considered. Some other factors include the effectiveness of the training and how the reaction of the reaction of the trainee will be measured. A chart on Training and Development Observation and Analysis of the Information From the given information resulting from the questionnaire, it emerges that Emirates Airlines is among the leading organizations in the aviation industry in undertaking employee development. Emirates Airlines follow strategies and policies that are result oriented. The Human Resources department of this organization works towards the integration of the goals and visions into fruitful strategies (Graham, 2010). In addition to this, the line departments in conjunction with the HR have put in place facilities that effect internal growth and employees. This is achieved through the implementation of various up-to-date training programmes. Furthermore, Emirates Airlines take career planning very seriously and ensures that all her employees are suitable for every vacancy or positions within the organization (Graham, 2010). Emirates Airlines main goal is attaining the highest quality staff in the aviation industry. The government of Dubai plays a critical role in empowering the management of Emirates Airlines by providing suitable environment and resources for training and development. This comes in line with the massive investment the government has made in the company as an independent entity. Through training, Emirates strives to offer the best services globally to their customers and expand their business ventures (Graham, 2010). Training and development of employees has made Emirate Airlines an award winner in international cargo handling division, and its destination and leisure division being among the best. Training and development is also put in place so as to ensure that the airline maintains its reputation for excellence during its periods of rapid growth (Graham, 2010). Suggestions Making an organization successful in any specific setting needs crucial and detailed studies as well as investigation of the specific aspects that will serve the organization with the best results. Emirates Airlines has to ensure they look out with their rival companies as well as their overall status on strategies and events both internally and externally. This will help the organization know how it will sustain the comparative advantage it has on employee training and development at the moment. Furthermore, this strategy helps the organization analyze their strength in terms of employee empowerment, maximizing on their strength and eliminating their weaknesses. In addition, Emirates should use the reputation it has in the aviation industry to champion innovation and employee excellence through improved training. In addition to training, the company has the sole responsibility of ensuring that clients are provided with sage, dependable and most of friendly transportation tagged with other valued industrial services. Training should also be aimed at making services offered by the employees memorable to clients. Again, training should be customer oriented in a way that safety, convenience and customer comfort are taken into consideration. Finally, success is also attached to proper leadership. Emirates Airlines success should be attributed to generic strategies which one of them should include focus on leadership.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
The Boy Next Door and the Psycho Killer: Producing Societyââ¬â¢s Extremes E
The Boy Next Door and the Psycho Killer: Producing Societyââ¬â¢s Extremes Two boys walk down the corridor of a friendly, residential, public high school. As they approach, the crowd slowly parts as its bystanders just stare at the boys. The boys walk with a certain aire about them, as their trench coats swing from side to side and their gloomy faces meet the eyes of the rest of the students. They are pointed at and called names such as fag or freak-- for they are members of the infamous trench coat mafia. These two boys can also be described as the murderers in the Columbine High School shootings. Somewhere across the country in another friendly, residential, public high school, a good looking boy of the same age walks down a similar hallway, and has a similar effect on the crowd. Instead of being laughed at or called a fag, this captain of the football team, Corey Johnson, gets a few " good job at the game yesterday" or hellos from people that have only heard of him and wished to actually know him personally, for he is notorious for being "cool". Rather t han being called a fag as walks down the hallway no one even suspects or even contemplates the fact that he is a homosexual. These individuals are alike in various aspects; age, sex, surroundings, and others, but yet have managed to be labeled and categorized so differently and so harshly. So what are the social conditions that have allowed such opposing figures to take shape in our culture? What is it that forces youth to be successful at being normal or unsuccessful and weird? The answer is the confining and forceful methods that our society has used to produce its norms. These two particular cases are just representations of many types of kids who are forced into two very dist... ...nes, ads, schoolsââ¬âthe devastating effect is one that is constantly making deviants the outcast. These outcasts take on labels that usually have a negative connotation of a freak. Should these deviant groups stride to fit this "normal" expectation and assimilate into a culture that has rejected them or rather try to gain strength to add to their uniqueness? Each individual has a role on how he is perceived. This "role" is not control but rather a path that can be taken to control their position according to the norm. It is debatable if Corey Johnsonââ¬â¢s face to the nation as an icon was an action to make the gay race seem more normal, or to show that there are exceptions to the rule within the gay name. No matter the standpoint or path a group in society chooses take, there will always be one outstanding central ground: With your norm, youââ¬â¢ve always got your deviant.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Cub Foods Essay
In general it is characterized with low prices, tables of samples and high discounts. While the following marketing tactics were used by Cub Foods to increase probability of purchases: 1. Promotional ââ¬â Price Deals: At the entry aisle, called a ââ¬Å"power alleyâ⬠is lined 2 stories high with specials, such as coffee bean $2 and half priced apple juice. 2. Physical evidence effect on cognitive: Ceiling joists and girders are exposed giving the feeling of spaciousness up there, it suggests thereââ¬â¢s massive buying going on, translates in a shoppers mind that thereââ¬â¢s tremendous savings going on. 3. Purchase Quantity: The shopping carts are wider than usual to encourage expansive buying, and that fit through the wide aisles to easily reach high profit impulse foods. 4. Purchase Location: Another tactic, that deli comes before fresh meat because Cub wants shopper to do the impulse buying before their budgets are depleted on essentials. 5. Packaged clean grocery was of low prices (by controlling the cost and high volume sales) and exceptionally high quality for products and meats. 6. Maps to guide shoppers, even without maps they would be lead by the arrangement of aisles. What accounts for Cubââ¬â¢s success in generating such large sales per customer and per store? 1. They properly identify their segment of customers and focus on its segment which is a family of 4-5 individuals with adult ages 24 ââ¬â 40 years. 2. Proper positioning as low cost leadership, vast selection & good quality. The customers can found everything they need under one roof and cheaper than its competitors. 3. Their customers buy in volume and spend 4 times the supermarket average per shopping trip. 4. Relies on the word of mouth cuts on ad budgets by 25% less than other chains. 5. Pricing: 6 points less than most conventional stores. Given Cubââ¬â¢s lower prices, quality merchandise, excellent location and superior assortment, offer reasons why many consumers in its trading areas refuse to shop there. 1. The overwhelming displays could be confusing for some customers. 2. The misconception of low prices reflecting lower quality. 3. Could be of different targeted segment i.e. single that do not need volume purchases
Friday, November 8, 2019
Capital Punishment Essays (2840 words) - Sentencing, Free Essays
Capital Punishment Essays (2840 words) - Sentencing, Free Essays Capital Punishment Putting to death people who have been judge to commit certain extremely heinous crimes is a practice of ancient standing. But in the United States, in the latter half of the twentieth century, it has become a very controversial issue. Changing views on this difficult issue led the Supreme Court to abolish capital punishment in 1972 but later turned to uphold it again in 1977, with certain conditions. Indeed, restoring capital punishment is the will of the people, yet many voices have been raised against it. Heated public debate has centered on questions of deterrence, public safety, sentencing equality, and the execution of innocents, among others. One argument states that the death penalty does not deter murder. Dismissing capital punishment on that basis would require us to eliminate all prisons as well because they do not seem to be any more effective in the deterrence of crime. Others say that states, which have the death penalty, have higher crime rates than those that do not. A nd that a more sever punishment only inspires more sever crimes. But every state in the union is different. These differences include population, the number of cities, and the crime rate. Urbanized states are more likely to have higher crime rates than states that are more rural. The states that have capital punishment have it because of their high crime rate, not the other way around. In 1985, a study was published by economist Stephen K. Layson, at the University of North Carolina, that showed that every execution of a murderer deters, on average of 18 murders. The study also showed that raising the number of death sentences by only one percent would prevent 105 murders. However, only 38 percent of all murder cases result in a death sentence, and of those, only 0.1 percent are actually executed. During the temporary suspension on capital punishment from 1972 - 1976, researchers gathered murder statistics across the country. Researcher Karl Spence of Texas A&M University came up wi th these statistics, in 1960, there were 56 executions in the United States and 9,140 murders. By 1964, when there were only 15 executions, the number of murders had risen to 9,250. In 1969, there were no executions and 14,590 murders, and 1975, after six years without executions, 20,510 murders occurred. So the number of murders grew as the number of executions shrank. Spence said: While some [death penalty] abolitionists try to face down the results of their disastrous experiment and still argue to the contrary, the...[data] concludes that a substantial deterrent effect has been observed...In six months, more Americans are murdered than have been killed by execution in this entire century...Until we begin to fight crime in earnest [by using the death penalty], every person who dies at a criminal's hands is a victim of our inaction. And in Texas, the highest murder rate in Houston (Harris County) occurred in 1981 with 701 murders. Since Texas reinstated the death penalty in 1982, H arris County has executed more murderers than any other city or state in the union and has seen the greatest reduction in murder from 701 in 1981 down to 261 in 1996 - a 63% reduction, representing a 270% differential. Also, in the 1920s and 30s, death penalty advocates were known to refer to England as a means of proving capital punishment's deterrent effect. Back then, at least 120 murderers were executed every year in the United States and sometimes the number reached 200. Even then, England used the death penalty far more consistently than we did and their overall murder rate was smaller than any one of our major cities at the time. Now, since England abolished capital punishment about released killers have murdered thirty years ago, the murder rate has subsequently doubled there and 75 English citizens. Abolitionists will claim that most studies show that the death penalty has no effect on the murder rate at all. But that's only because those studies have been focused on incons istent executions. Capital punishment, like all other applications, must be used consistently in the United States for decades, so abolitionists have been able to establish the delusion that it does not deter at all to rationalize their fallacious
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Woodstock Festival Essay examples
Woodstock Festival Essay examples Woodstock Festival Essay examples Kim Novick MUS-150-SL History of Rock ââ¬Ën Roll May 12, 2015 Three Days of Music, Peace and Love In 1969 the most memorable music festival and art fair in America happened on August 15 thru August 18. This three day long gathering was called Woodstock Art and Music Festival. This event was not just about the music, it was an event that changed America. In the early 60ââ¬â¢s the United States was in turmoil over the Vietnam War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Civil Right Movement. There was also assassinations of four influential men such as Robert Kennedy, J. F. Kennedy, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King. Sick of the violence and millions of deaths, many young men and women of their late teens to mid-twenties took their stand by rallies, protests, and attending concerts. It appeared to this young generation that the world their parents had made for them was a world full of hate and war and they wanted to distance themselves from it, creating a hippie counterculture. Calling themselves hippies because to be hip was one who is aware. They believed that they were fully aware of what they wanted, what they believed in and how they perceived the world. They wanted egalitarianism between races, peace among men and its country, and they wanted to be heard without being persecuted by the ââ¬Å"The Establishmentâ⬠which was any sort of government institution that ordered them to fight for a war they did not believe in. In 1964 the draft began for the Vietnam War. The youngest age for the draft was eighteen. It bewilder these young people that at the age of eighteen they were old enough to die for their country, but could not vote until the age twenty-one. This led to many antiwar protest. These rebellious hippies turned to music and drugs. Their choice of music was folk music and psychedelic rock. They used drugs that gave those means to explore alternate state of conscious such as LSD and marijuana. They used the ââ¬Å"crowââ¬â¢s footâ⬠designed by Gerald Holtom in the 1950s that protested against nuclear arms, as a symbol of the antiwar movem ent which by the end of the decade became the international symbol of peace. Their means of transportation was the VW bus, it was big enough to pile many friends and hitchhikers in, and so they could attend protest, concerts, and festivals. These VW buses were always painted with bright colored flowers, peace signs and messages of love or antiwar. With the introduction of birth control in the 60ââ¬â¢s, it helped women to explore their sexual liberation. All these events helped pave the way to the three days of peace and love that become known as Woodstock Music and Art Festival an Aquarian Exposition in White Lake, New York. Michael Lang was one of the co-founders, age twenty-five, while in New York to promote a band he was managing, met and quickly become friends with fellow Brooklyn native, Artie Kornfeld. Artie Kornfeld, age twenty-six, was the youngest vice-president of Capital Records. These two self-motivated men had big ideas, one wanted to open a recording studio in Woodstock, New York and the other wanted to have a series of concerts to finance it. The only thing holding them back was neither one had the capital for such events. This is where John Roberts, age twenty-three, an inheritor of a wealthy family-owned business and Joel Rosenman, age twenty-six, whose background was in law, came into play. These two friends had ideas of their own. They wanted to write a television series about two pals with more money than brains, which every week would get into some nutty business ventures. The only problem was they could not think of any plots of their own, so they decided to put an ad in the Wall St reet Journal and in the New York Times that read: Young man with unlimited capital looking for legitimate investing opportunities and business propositions. This ad was to only look for ideas and plots for their television series. However, Lang and Kornfeld saw the ad in Wall Street Journal and though this might be
Monday, November 4, 2019
Philosophy - video response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Philosophy - video response - Essay Example It has also reduced abilities to empathize with different situations boring marginalized institutions in societies reducingà corporationà and the ability to deal with global issues. According to Marthaà Nussbaum, there is a distinct difference between the current and earlier education systems. Mainly development oriented focus on technological business, and self development through critical thinking respectively. Through this change, the nature of society has changed. It has becomeà moreà engrossedà on economics and greed arising the many challenges facing societies today such as crime. The world was a much safer place in theà pastà educational system whereà societyà cared more for others than the current one. Hence her vie thatà liberalà education be re-embraced through moreà focusà on liberal arts and humanities such asà philosophicalà studies. Marthaà Nussbaumà is of the view that the educational sector has changed into less involving andà characterà oriented syllabuses. This I agree to and follow in the fact that the education sector and curriculum needs to be reinvented to include liberal arts and real situations. This wouldà generateà a population ofà smartà and critically thinkingà independentà people able
Friday, November 1, 2019
A Review of Literature on How to Manage International Joint Venture
A of on How to Manage International Joint Venture Successfully - Literature review Example An IJV represents a relationship between voluntary cooperative partner companies, in which these companies maintain their independence and objectives. However, in the frame strategic alliances, an antonym of cooperative behavior is opportunistic behavior, the latter being understood as mismatch of expectations and preferences (current or future) of one partner (Michael and Louis, 1989). Key moderating measures of opportunism are increased control over the IJV by members in order to receive a portion of fair income (Feya and Beamishb, 1999). Discussion Among the various models of cooperation, international joint ventures are considered as the preferred mode of entry by firms (Reinier and Maria, 2009). However, the rate of failure of these organizational forms remains high. In addition, the IJVs are known for their fragility and their heterogeneous performance (Reinier and Maria, 2009). Several cases of IJV experience a failure due to the emergence of a conflict between the partners. A mong these cases, we can cite the example of the partnership between the French group Danone and Chinese Wahaha established in the beverage industry (Pothukuchi et al., 2002). The two groups signed an agreement in 1996 to create a joint venture, Wahaha Joint Venture Company, with 51% owned by Danone and 49% owned by the Chinese partner. After nearly a decade of fruitful collaboration, the relationship deteriorated and conflicts erupted in 2006. Indeed, Danone discovered that its partner violated non-competition clauses specified in the contract. The Chinese products are similar to those marketed by Danone. This conflict led the transfer in 2009 of shares in Danone joint entity with its Chinese partner. Studies on international joint ventures have dealt with various topics: the choice of partner, the formation of international joint venture, control mechanisms and inter-firm trust and the performance of the alliance. Some of them are focused on the instability of IJV (Reinier and Mar ia, 2009) and particularly on the determinants that affect the outcome of this relationship. In contrast to our knowledge, a few studies have attempted to introduce management tools that can help enterprises to manage conflicts. In this context, the work of Mjoen and Tallman (2003) proposed a management tool change during the phase of post-merger integration and acquisition. The purpose of this article is to provide the first theoretical approach to educating managers of joint ventures to develop management tools to manage crisis conflicts. These conflicts can occur throughout the formation process of IJV, hence the need to mobilize. Indeed, despite the large number of conflict researches and those on IJV crisis management, few of them are interested in bringing these two issues together (Mjoen and Tallman, 2003). It is in this context that our research will follow the following plan: firstly, this research focuses on the instability and conflict in the IJV and secondly, this resear ch provides the tools of crisis management and discusses how to better manage the conflict within the framework of the partnership relations. The International Joint Ventures and Conflict The Instability of International Joint Ventures The international joint venture is a form of alliance between companies involving creation of a new independent legal structure
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